When it comes to home improvement, the focus is often on aesthetics, durability, and cost. However, the impact of building materials on indoor air quality and long-term health cannot be ignored. Many common products contain harmful chemicals that off-gas and linger in homes, contributing to chronic exposure and potential health risks.
VOCs in Paints and Coatings
Standard paints, stains, and coatings are significant sources of indoor pollution. They contain high levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which evaporate quickly, releasing harmful chemicals into the air. Exposure to VOCs can cause immediate symptoms like headaches, dizziness, and nausea, as well as long-term effects like respiratory problems, liver damage, and neurological issues.
To minimize VOC exposure, opt for zero-VOC or non-toxic paints and coatings. These products significantly reduce off-gassing, making them a better choice for indoor air quality. However, not all “zero-VOC” products are created equal, and some may still contain biocides, fungicides, and chemical stabilizers that can contribute to respiratory irritation and skin sensitivities. Always research brands and disclose all ingredients to ensure a truly non-toxic option.
Chemicals in Carpets and Flooring
Carpets and flooring are often overlooked sources of indoor pollution. Synthetic materials like nylon, polypropylene, and polyester contain petroleum-based chemicals that off-gas into the air. Many carpets are also treated with flame retardants, stain-resistant coatings, and antimicrobial chemicals, introducing additional toxic exposures.
One of the biggest concerns with carpeting is the presence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), also known as “forever chemicals.” These chemicals don’t break down in the environment or the body and have been linked to hormone disruption, immune dysfunction, and even cancer. Additionally, synthetic carpets shed microscopic plastic fibers that become part of household dust, contaminating the air and settling on floors, furniture, and food preparation areas.
To avoid these chemicals, consider 100% organic wool rugs, which are naturally flame-resistant, antimicrobial, and free of synthetic chemicals. Wool fibers also help regulate humidity in a home, reducing the risk of mold growth and improving indoor air quality. If renovating an entire space, consider skipping carpet altogether and opting for tile that mimics hardwood or 100% real hardwood flooring.
Insulation and Moisture Issues
Traditional insulation materials like fiberglass often contain formaldehyde, a known carcinogen that off-gasses over time. Fiberglass itself can also cause lung irritation and respiratory issues when inhaled. Additionally, some insulation materials can trap water, creating an environment conducive to mold growth.
Mold in insulation is particularly problematic because it’s often hidden behind walls or in attics, where it can go undetected for years. If mold spores begin circulating through a home’s air system, they can cause chronic inflammation, allergies, and even neurological symptoms in people sensitive to mold toxins.
To avoid these issues, consider 100% wool insulation, which is naturally antimicrobial, moisture-resistant, and mold-resistant. Wool insulation is biodegradable and free from toxic adhesives and binders found in synthetic materials. Other safer options include cork insulation, which is naturally resistant to mold, and Aircrete, a lightweight, aerated cement insulation that offers strong thermal insulation without the chemical load of traditional options.
Creating a Non-Toxic Home
When it comes to home improvement, making informed decisions about building materials can significantly reduce toxic exposure. By choosing zero-VOC paints, organic wool rugs, and natural insulation, homeowners can create a cleaner, healthier environment that supports well-being rather than slowly degrading it.
Remember, a home should be a place that enhances well-being, not a hidden source of toxins. By making smarter choices in home improvement, homeowners can build a cleaner, healthier environment that they and their families can thrive in for years to come.
References:
- David, Elena, and Violeta-Carolina Niculescu. “Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) as Environmental Pollutants: Occurrence and Mitigation Using Nanomaterials.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 18, no. 24, Dec. 2021, p. 13147.
- Haines, Sarah R., et al. “Ten Questions Concerning the Implications of Carpet on Indoor Chemistry and Microbiology.” Building and Environment, vol. 170, Dec. 2019, pp. 1–16.
- Salthammer, Tunga. “Microplastics and Their Additives in the Indoor Environment.” Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English), vol. 61, no. 32, Aug. 2022, p. E202205713.
- Safety–4400, EPH-EHS–Environmental Health and. Fiberglass | Washington State Department of Health. https://doh.wa.gov/community-and-environment/air-quality/indoor-air/fiberglass. Accessed 19 Mar. 2025.
- Van Loo, Jason M., et al. “Growth of Mold on Fiberglass Insulation Building Materials–a Review of the Literature.” Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, vol. 1, no. 6, June 2004, pp. 349–54.